The state of diabetes treatment coverage in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 680 102 adults

Journal article

David Flood, Jacqueline A Seiglie, Matthew Dunn, Scott Tschida, Michaela Theilmann, Maja E Marcus, Garry Brian, Bolormaa Norov, Mary T Mayige, Mongal Singh Gurung, Krishna K Aryal, Demetre Labadarios, Maria Dorobantu, Bahendeka K Silver, Pascal Bovet, Jutta M Adelin Jorgensen, David Guwatudde, Corine Houehanou, Glennis Andall-Brereton, Sarah Quesnel-Crooks, Lela Sturua, Farshad Farzadfar, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rifat Atun, Sebastian Vollmer, Till W Bärnighausen, Justine I Davies, Deborah J Wexler, Pascal Geldsetzer, Peter Rohloff, Manuel Ramírez-Zea, Michele Heisler, Jennifer Manne-Goehler
The Lancet Healthy Longevity, vol. 2, 2021 Jun, pp. e340--e351

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APA Click to copy
Flood, D., Seiglie, J. A., Dunn, M., Tschida, S., Theilmann, M., Marcus, M. E., … Manne-Goehler, J. (2021). The state of diabetes treatment coverage in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 680 102 adults. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 2, e340–e351.

Chicago/Turabian Click to copy
Flood, David, Jacqueline A Seiglie, Matthew Dunn, Scott Tschida, Michaela Theilmann, Maja E Marcus, Garry Brian, et al. “The State of Diabetes Treatment Coverage in 55 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: a Cross-Sectional Study of Nationally Representative, Individual-Level Data in 680 102 Adults.” The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2 (June 2021): e340–e351.

MLA Click to copy
Flood, David, et al. “The State of Diabetes Treatment Coverage in 55 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: a Cross-Sectional Study of Nationally Representative, Individual-Level Data in 680 102 Adults.” The Lancet Healthy Longevity, vol. 2, June 2021, pp. e340–e351.

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@article{flood2021a,
  title = {The state of diabetes treatment coverage in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 680 102 adults},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Lancet Healthy Longevity},
  pages = {e340--e351},
  volume = {2},
  author = {Flood, David and Seiglie, Jacqueline A and Dunn, Matthew and Tschida, Scott and Theilmann, Michaela and Marcus, Maja E and Brian, Garry and Norov, Bolormaa and Mayige, Mary T and Gurung, Mongal Singh and Aryal, Krishna K and Labadarios, Demetre and Dorobantu, Maria and Silver, Bahendeka K and Bovet, Pascal and Jorgensen, Jutta M Adelin and Guwatudde, David and Houehanou, Corine and Andall-Brereton, Glennis and Quesnel-Crooks, Sarah and Sturua, Lela and Farzadfar, Farshad and Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi and Atun, Rifat and Vollmer, Sebastian and Bärnighausen, Till W and Davies, Justine I and Wexler, Deborah J and Geldsetzer, Pascal and Rohloff, Peter and Ramírez-Zea, Manuel and Heisler, Michele and Manne-Goehler, Jennifer},
  month_numeric = {6}
}

Abstract

Background
Approximately 80% of the 463 million adults worldwide with diabetes live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). A major obstacle to designing evidence-based policies to improve diabetes outcomes in LMICs is the scarce availability of nationally representative data on the current patterns of treatment coverage. The objectives of this study were to estimate the proportion of adults with diabetes in LMICs who receive coverage of recommended pharmacological and non-pharmacological diabetes treatment; and to describe country-level and individual-level characteristics that are associated with treatment.

Methods
We did a cross-sectional analysis of pooled, individual data from 55 nationally representative surveys in LMICs. Our primary outcome of self-reported diabetes treatment coverage was based on population-level monitoring indicators recommended in the 2020 WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions. Surveys were included if they were done in 2008 or after in an LMIC, as classified by the World Bank in the year the survey was done; were nationally representative; had individual-level data; contained a diabetes biomarker (fasting glucose, random glucose, or glycated haemoglobin); and had data on one or more diabetes treatments. Our sample included non-pregnant individuals with an available diabetes biomarker who were at least 25 years of age. We assessed coverage of three pharmacological and three non-pharmacological treatments among people with diabetes. At the country level, we estimated the proportion of individuals reporting coverage by per-capita gross national income and geographical region. At the individual level, we used logistic regression models to assess coverage along several key individual characteristics including sex, age, body-mass index, wealth quintile, and educational attainment. In the primary analysis, we scaled sample weights such that countries were weighted equally.

Findings
The final pooled sample from the 55 LMICs included 680 102 total individuals and 37 094 individuals with diabetes. Using equal weights for each country, diabetes prevalence was 9·0% (95% CI 8·7–9·4), with 43·9% (41·9–45·9) reporting a previous diabetes diagnosis. Overall, 4·6% (3·9–5·4) of individuals with diabetes self-reported meeting need for all treatments recommended for them. Coverage of glucose-lowering medication was 50·5% (48·6–52·5); antihypertensive medication was 41·3% (39·3–43·3); cholesterol-lowering medication was 6·3% (5·5–7·2); diet counselling was 32·2% (30·7–33·7); exercise counselling was 28·2% (26·6–29·8); and weight-loss counselling was 31·5% (29·3–33·7). Countries at higher-income levels tended to have greater coverage. Female sex and higher age, body-mass index, educational attainment, and household wealth were also associated with greater coverage.

Interpretation
Fewer than one in ten people with diabetes in LMICs receive coverage of guideline-based comprehensive diabetes treatment. Scaling up the capacity of health systems to deliver treatment not only to lower glucose but also to address cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension and high cholesterol, are urgent global diabetes priorities.

The state of diabetes treatment coverage in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 680 102 adults

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